Gullah

The recent rise in Black consciousness has created an extraordinary interest in the study of Black heritage and the preservation of Black culture in America. Many scholars and students are turning their attention to A frican-American cultural patterns, which have been long ignored and often scorned. Black people are realizing more and more that these patterns exemplify key features of their heritage and may offer not only clues into the past, but also provide guides to survival in the future.As this interest gains momentum, African-Americans are looking toward the South, particularly to its rural and isolated islands where so many of the unique elements of contemporary Black culture have their roots. The culture of the Sea Islands is such a special case. The lack of contact with the mainland helped to preserve some of the important features of their African culture. Because the Africans that were brought to these islands were not sold and resold as often as those on the mainland, som e of their ancestral family patterns remain even to this date. ——————————————————————————- A. Sea Islands Begin just north of Georgetown, South Carolina, and continue to the Florida border. It is estimated that there are approximately 1,000 islands along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia separated from the mainland by marshes, alluvial streams and rivers. 1. Some of the islands are bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and are as far as twenty miles or more from the mainland. 2. They range in size from the uninhabitable ones to John’s Island South Carolina, the second largest island in the United States.B. European settlement 1. The Sea Islands have formed the basis of a very profitable agriculture. 2. During slavery, the long staple cotton grown here was considered the best available anywhere and brought very favorable prices on the world market 3. The economy of the region was based almost entirely on slavery, and because of the labor intensity of the crops, very large plantations developed in this area. a. Some Whites owned entire islands containing thousands of acres of land and maintained hundreds of slaves to till the soil. C. Isolation 1.The isolation of the islands and the large numbers of slaves meant that the influence of American White culture upon African and slave culture was minimal. 2. To further enhance the development of a unique Black culture, there was the continual importation of slaves directly from Africa. a. The overwhelming number of slaves entering South Carolina during the 18th century came directly from Africa. b. The isolation of the islands made them a prime location for slave traders to land illegal cargoes of Africans after the Slave Trade Act of 1808. c. Africans were imported into the islands as late as 1858.D. Cultural formations 1. There was a geographical, social and cultural basis for the retention of many elements of African culture in the Sea Islands and the development of a distinctive African-American culture. 2. The word â€Å"Gullah† was once defined as the way of speaking of Blacks on the Sea Islands. In recent years, Gullah has come to mean not only the speech of Black islanders but also their culture and way of life. a. Food- traditional seafood and rice dishes â€Å"Hoppin John† and â€Å"Frogmore Stew† b. Arts-basket weaving, donning fishnets, pottery, and quilting. . The first American cowboys were the Blacks in the Carolina low country (Sea Islands). d. Contributions to American music are also evident. e. Tradition of fishing passed from one generation to another. f. During the slave period many of the customs the people developed clearly reflected African culture and post-bellum conditions enhanced their retention. Basket weaving is one of the dominant crafts of the region, and one of the oldest crafts of African origin in theUnited States. Crabbing and fishing are a very important part of the Sea Island culture.Sea Island children are intimately familiar with the ocean and learn the art of casting and netting as early as the age of three. E. Development of survival patterns 1. Philosophy and utilization of time. Older Blacks have a different relationship to time than many younger and â€Å"up to date† Blacks. 2. Environment coping a. Dealing with atmospheric changes F. Psychological and sociological issues. 1. Many Sea Island Blacks may have different self perceptions and attitudes as compared to Blacks raised in other areas. 2. The Sea Island Blacks frequently owned their land since the years before Reconstruction.Many of them do not know what it means to pay rent or a mortgage and to some the very concepts are meaningless. 3. The fact that the people were very isolated from mainstream culture, they could only survive by developing a posture of self-s ufficiency and independence. 4. Many elderly Sea Island Blacks had very limited interaction with Whites. 5. Black activism of Sea Island Blacks a. Some of the earliest support for the civil rights movement came out of the Sea Island and Martin Luther King developed some of his major campaigns during retreats to the area. . Local independence and activism has its roots in the Reconstructionist Era and the Black majority in the area. c. A large portion of the elderly Sea Islanders registered to vote before 1910. G. Uniqueness of Sea Islands 1. They are home of a West African people called Gullah. They were captured from this area because the Europeans needed technology and labor to build their empires and America. The Gullah captives possessed skills (technology) in agriculture, science, animal farming, construction, navigation, government, and teaching. 2.The knowledge and need for farming and building in the Sea Islands required specialized skills that were found in abundance in Wes t Africa 3. The isolation of the Gullah from mainland whites and other Africans allowed the Gullah to maintain a high degree of African culture. Also, the high concentration of Africans allowed a Gullah community to form an Afrocentric cultural entity within a European American cultural context. H. Gullah Dialect 1. The Gullah â€Å"accent† is much more than just an accent on the English language. Gullah, as a language, uses distinct African language patterns, and conceptual meanings.In other words, the Gullah language is uniquely African, with English words added to it. 2. One study says that the origin of the term Gullah and the Blacks came from the West Coast of Africa, but exactly where has not been agreed upon. a. One is that Gullah is a shortened form of Angola, the name of an African West Coast district lying south of the Equator and the mouth of the Congo River. b. A second suggestion is that Gullah comes from the name of the Liberian group of tribes known as Golas li ving on the West Coast between Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast. . Gullah has been called the most African of any of our Black dialects, yet it can be traced back in practically every detail to English dialect speech. There has been an interchange of cultural values between the Black and White communities who have lived and worked together on the Sea Islands from the first days of settlement. The dialect was nourished in isolation and has survived with little change because of the continued isolation of its native area. The Parable of the Lost Sheep, Luke 15:2-3 King James VersionAnd the Pharisees and scribes murmured saying, this man receiveth sinners and eateth with the them. And he spake this parable unto them, saying What man of you, having an hundred sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness and go after that which is lost, until hefind it? Gullah Version En de Pharisee en de law teesha dem saat ta mek cumplain,say â€Å"Dis man sociat e widsinna en ebn eat mong am. Now den Jesus done know dem binna nek cumplain bout am. So e tell am one parryubble, say â€Å"Supposin a hondad sheep blonks ta one a oona.Ef one a dem sheep done loss een de wood wa you fa do? Sho nuf, you gwain lef de ninety-nine oddares safe een de pasta. You gwain saach fa de one wa loss tel you fin am eni? † I. Sea Islands Today 1. Today, an estimated 270,00 people along the Georgia, Carolina, and northeastern Florida coasts speak of Gullah. The dialect survived primarily among rural Blacks who largely depended on farming and fishing. Many of these people are now moving into jobs in the various resort industries, which are springing up on the islands, thus ending their isolation.Nonetheless, Gullah has a way of surviving even in small clusters in New York City where its speakers are often mistaken for Barbadians. 2. Because many corporations are now building their resorts on the islands and the United States Marine Corps has established a training base on Paris Island, many sociologists theorize the Gullah culture will soon die out. Nonetheless, although the pressures on the Gullah culture to disintegrate and assimilate are great, there are a number of people who are making valiant attempts to maintain, and preserve this treasured culture.

Conflict in literature Essay

All conflict in literature is, in its simplest form, a struggle between good and evil†. This statement simplifies the idea that all themes and struggles in literature when broken down to their most basic forms are a conflict of good versus evil. This is a valid statement because good and evil are the basis of all conflict. A conflict is a two-sided and any struggle implies a difference of opinion or emotion which can be broken down into both â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil† parts. such works that emphasize this statement are George Orwell’s novel, â€Å"Animal Farm† and the play, â€Å"Othello†, a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare’s use of characterization in â€Å"Othello† describes the character Othello as a brave, courageous, and honorable soldier. Shakespeare also introduces the complete contrast of Othello in the character Iago. Iago is portrayed as two-faced and manipulation, representing the evil aspect in the play. Shakespeare uses Iago to take advantage of Othello’s trusting personality and to attack Othello’s good nature. Othello becomes overridden with hate and jealousy, which consume all of his other emotions. Othello is an example of how a character can cross the line between good and evil. The relationship between Othello’s character and Iago’s character can be viewed as a battle of the two forces. â€Å"Animal farm† is a modern political novel set in the Twentieth Century. Disliking their owner, the animals of Animal Farm attempt to revolt with the intention of setting up a â€Å"perfect† Utopian society for themselves, a society without the evil of humans. With the help of two intelligent pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, the animals were able to defeat their enemy and conquer animal far. Towards the end of the novel, we discover that Snowball and Napoleon are highly influenced by the actions of humans. Years pass on Animal farm and we find that the pigs become more and more like human beings by walking upright, carrying whips, and wearing clothes. In the end, the pigs backfire on their original plan of eliminating humans but instead, joined them. In conclusion, the struggle of good and evil is a basic struggle that is common in all novels. This common struggle is illustrated in Shakespeare’s  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Othello† and George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm† through various themes and characterizations.

Analysis Of Alasdair Gray s Songs Of Innocence And Of...

Intermediality comprises the combination of the literary text with other media or forms of art, or the incorporation of such media and forms into the literary text. The combinatory mode, which is known from illustrated novels of the nineteenth century, gained new prominence in Alasdair Gray’s self-illustrated novel Lanark (1981) and in comic books or ‘graphic novels’ by writers such as Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman. With regards to English Romantic poet William Blake, both his lyrical Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1789-94) and his prophetic poems of epic length were conceived as an intermedial work made up of text and illustration. Blake’s collection of poems; Songs of Innocence and of Experience Showing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul (1789-94) seemingly concerns contradictory ideas. It is intended as a look at two contrasting perceptions of the world, as envisaged by ‘the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul, with each group of poems serving as one half of the two contrary states. The pairing of opposites is the principle underlying this collection of contrary poems, some of which are headed by identical titles. The â€Å"Introduction† to the Songs of Innocence highlights the process from piping or singing a song to the writing down of the text, that is, the journey from orality to scripture. Its counterpart in the Songs of Experience is tinged by prophetic overtones (â€Å"Hear the voice of the Bard!†). In ostensibly simple terms, the two contrary poems â€Å"The

The Federal Emergency Relief Act, Tennessee Valley...

In 1932 during the worst of the great depression and prior to World War II, President Roosevelt’s administration implemented a series of initiatives or legislative reforms that all fell under the New Deal. â€Å"The flood of New Deal legislation that followed produced major changes in government-economy relationships and in government’s role in American society generally.† (Anderson, 2015, p. 72) Roosevelt’s description of the New Deal was that it would help to provide relief, recovery, and reform; this came to be known as the â€Å"3 Rs.† Many of the reforms were highly successful like the Federal Emergency Relief Act, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Housing Administration and the Social Security Act. In 1933 the Rural Rehabilitation†¦show more content†¦The local welfare employees were actually the ones who chose which families were eligible. Perhaps the problems began there. There were no requirements except for the employees t hinking that the families had minimal skills and could figure it out for themselves. Once chosen the families had to decide very quickly if they would be making the move. Due to the short season for farming and building, some families had only days to decide. The following were the guidelines for choosing a family. As far as possible, families should be selected first on their farming ability and secondly, those who may have secondary skills and who may adjust themselves to a diversified farming activity and can assist with carpentry on their homes and then those who may know something about machinery and blacksmithing and who have leadership qualities. (Lundberg, 1998) Adoption/Implementation Using our current speed of government projects this resettlement endeavor moved at lightning speed. The first survey was completed in June of 1934 and FERA agreed to the project in January 1935. It only took only eight weeks after that to acquire the 260,000 acres for the new colony. A month later in late April, the construction workers and supplies were enroute to the valley. â€Å"Three days later, the first of the colonists left Minnesota!† (Lundberg, 1998) The families traveled to the west coast on the railroad. That first round of families fromShow MoreRelatedThe New Deal. Samantha Archer. Pols 1101: American Government.1359 Words   |  6 PagesDuring this time President Herbert Hoover appoints the President’s Emergency Committee for Employment to stimulate state and local relief but no funding for relief was provided by the committee. In July of 1932, in the midst of the greatest economic crisis in U.S. history, Franklin D. 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The initial agencies were: Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Public Works Administration (which later became the Works Progress Administration), Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Another feature of the New Deal was the various acts passed, which were: The Emergency Banking Act, Securities Exchange Act and the National Industrial Recovery Act. The first thing Roosevelt did as partRead MoreEssay about The New Deal2801 Words   |  12 Pagesimaginative surge of federal domestic legislation in the United States history. When Roosevelt took office in the spring of 1933, the country was in an economic crisis. Many banks had been closed due to the numerous withdrawals by frightened investors and 13 to 15 million people were jobless. Roosevelt felt that because this kind of economic problem was so new to the country, an equally radical strategy would be needed to solve it. 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Censorship of Internet Pornography is Unconstitutional Essay

Imagine a place where you have access to anything and everything one could want. Some would say that is only existent in a utopia, and some would say that describes the Internet. Many adults go on to the net and access pornographic material that would be unsuitable for children. This is called cyberporn. The controversy lies in the fact that children are accessing these materials also. Government, activist groups, and concerned parents are fighting to regulate obscene material found over the Internet to protect children. The first amendment is the only thing protecting adults from losing their rights to obtain pornographic or indecent material on the net. Under the first amendment the government must not regulate cyberporn. Online sex†¦show more content†¦The first part of the CDA states if you display indecent or patently offensive information on the Internet, in a manner available to a person under eighteen years of age, you are a criminal and have broken the law. The seco nd part of the CDA reads you have a defense against prosecution if you take reasonable, effective, and appropriate action by restricting access to minors by needing a credit card (verified), debit account, adult access code, or adult personal identification number. This act is to be thought of as a way to legally zone porn behind and electric gate that can only be accessed by those who have adult identification. To receive full access to pornographic materials, one can pay a one-time fee of $9.95 to an Adult Check service (Levy 54). Also the Child Pornography Protection Act has been passed. It is to combat the use of computer technology that enables a pornographer to alter a picture of a child to make it seem as though the child engaged in an explicit sex act (Quittner 74). Rulings about child pornography have existed for years and will always enacted whether it is in the cyber universe or in magazine and movies. 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In the present, as long as you have Internet connection, you have the ability to have access to all kind of information that is posted on Internet. There is a huge debate whether internet shoul d be regulated or not, and this is excepted to continue in the upcomingRead MoreEssay about Internet Censorship Is a Form of Dictatorship605 Words   |  3 Pagesremoval of censorship.† Internet censorship is the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. In other words, one day you might not be able to Google everything you want to know as you can now. Although the Internet can be a dangerous without caution, countries need not to censor the Internet for their own selfish reasons. Internet censorship is a form of a dictatorship, and they can cause riots as well as take away our first amendment right. The Internet as we

Huella Online Travel free essay sample

Travel faces several challenges in penetrating the Hong Kong market. While Hong Kong enjoys one of the highest Internet penetration rate in the world, its tech-savvy people are perplexingly wary of transacting business online. Huella situates itself in this kind of market, where people generally shun e-businesses, including air travel bookings, for perceiving it as a high-risk trade to seeing it as second only to the traditional marketplace. Initial qualitative survey results culled from a focus group discussion showed that respondents never heard of the Huella brand in Hong Kong, or to a few, a vague impression of what it is. Validating earlier surveys on online transactions, respondents also perceived Huella as a risky, unreliable brand, and voiced out security concerns on Huella’s website. Huella might take comfort of the fact that such concerns were not solely directed to the company but to Internet transactions in general. Moreover, people felt that risks are too high for any potential benefits, and that Huella was seen to be in the league of online travel agencies and not with the traditional brick-’n-mortar agents. Those who I feel will provide increased value to the study will meet the following criteria: Greater than 18 years old Frequent internet user Frequent online shopper Frequent traveler Recently traveled within the last year Experienced with both traditional travel agents as well as online travel services General Topics In construction of the study, the four main topics should mirror those discussed in the MGO focus groups. Those four topics again are: -Brand Awareness -Brand Image -Brand Positioning -Usage Pattern The information provided by these four topics best fit the goal of Huella’s efforts to increase market share in Hong Kong. Because these topics are also the same topics used in MGO’s qualitative study, they will provide statistical data leading to accept or reject MGO’s findings. A quantitative study of these four topics, coupled with key demographic questions, will only provide Huella with greater insight into the Hong Kong market. Demographic Questions In the creation of this quantitative study it is important to collect demographic data from the respondents. This data will prove important as the statistical analysis is performed. In both correlative and regression analysis these demographic questions provide us with the independent variables need to gain insight into who Huella is having success with and who they need to focus on to increase their market share. -Age -Gender -Income -Frequency of Travel -Reasons for Travel -Frequency of Internet Use -Frequency of Online Purchases Conclusion With the combination of the qualitative study performed by MGO and the quantitative study to be performed by MarketSpace, I am sure Huella will have the appropriate data to perform accurate analysis of the online travel market in Hong Kong. The analysis of this data will allow Huella to confidently move forward with a marketing strategy to gain a greater market share in Hong Kong.

Term Analysis free essay sample

Analysis Of Philippine Literature Submitted To: Prof. Jucaban Submitted By: Maureen L. Gallano AB-2B Sonia by Francisco Icasiano Analysis of Sonia Sonia is a sort story describing the authors attempts to cope with the sudden and early death of his favorite daughter and his wish to somehow  channel  his grief and pain to improve his creativity and art. He begins by claiming pain can be  beautiful  as long as the  individual  is able to rise above the  depression  and hopes his tale will help others use their pain in order to grow in character. He then reminisces about his daughter, Sonia, recognizing all the possible things she could have accomplished if she had been given the chance. Though he is clearly feeling the sharp ache of her loss, he finds comfort in advice offered to him in the idea that he will always remember as a child. Rather than become bitter and angry as some higher power for stealing his daughter away too early, he remembers everything that he loved about her. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He attempts to use her innocence and  confidence  at times when he is feeling especially alone and weak. The tone of the story then changes and focus on Sonia is slightly lost. He speaks of a form of premonition that he had days before her death, in which he saw her die. Before he dismissed it, he pondered the effects it would have upon his art as pain always intensifies creativity. However, he reasoned that he would never be willing to pay such a price just to be a great  artist  and nothing could ever be worth that kind of suffering. After her death he speaks of his suicidal feelings yet his  prediction  was right in the fact that his work did improve as he attempted to  release  his pain onto paper. Icasiano becomes rather philosophical upon the conclusion of the story as he ponders the meaning of our reality. He  presents  a theory that our current world is but a dream and our true lives begin on the other side of  infinity  i. e. Life after death. He concludes by saying this realization is what will make him a truly brilliant  artist  and he longs for a time when he might be reunited with Sonia once more. This story is written by Manuel E. Arguilla. There were many characters involved in this story, one of them is Baldo. Baldo was the one who narrated the story. He was the younger brother of Leon. He was an obedient, innocent and  naive  young boy. Another character is Leon. Leon was the one who brought home a wife. He was a responsible, gentle and a loving husband. Then, another character is Maria. Maria had been born and grew up in a big city. She was the wife of Leon. She was a supportive, creative and a loving wife. Father was the one who instructed Baldo on what he will do while he is on the road together with Leon and Maria. He made an ingenious way to find out if Maria is really worthy to live in a rural place. The story did explain some ways on what is the meaning of true love and how this true love can be shown. I’ve also included values in the story or attitudes that each character possessed like the obedience of Baldo, being supportive of Maria, being responsible of Leon and the hardworking Labang. This story shows uniqueness because it has its own moral value that readers may follow it. The author is very good in making techniques in writing that can make readers be more interested in the story. The Chieftest Mourner By: Aida Rivera Ford Summary This is  a short story  authored by Aida Rivera Ford. The story is all about the death of the narrator’s uncle. It is a story with a focal point focused on love and innocence in the context of death. At the establishing point of the story, the first story lines already shows  a tint of innocence and simplicity but the gloomy tone of the story is already felt. The situation is just a very typical scenario in the Philippines  but through the writer’s prolific used of diction and imagery a common situation is turned into something new – a work of art. As you look at it, the plot is so simple. But what will move most of the readers is  the author’s command of language and smooth flow of situations. Characters The single main character about whom the story centers is the poet who passed away. Because this poet has two wives, wherein these wives are arguing about their rights to him most specially on his wake. He is the one on why he was separated from his legal wife and he is also the one who gets another one to be his wife. Also he has this close connection to his niece wherein his niece is the speaker of the story. Setting It predominant in a sense that it all happen in the wake that all of the actions and emotions of the characters. Point of view The niece of the poet is the one who tells the story for what happened on the wake and the flashback scenes. The first person is used as the point of view wherein the narrator is a character in the story, the story is told in the first-person point of view. The narrator uses the first-person pronouns I and  me. Theme The general theme is a story with a focal point focused on love and innocence in the context of death. The underlying theme is the disloyalty of people through their love ones.